1
2
  -2023
  
 
( )
 :    : 100
:    ,             
          
-
1.         
2.    -       
-
3.             
4.             
   
-
5.   
        
2
2
6.           
-
7.           
8.   ,      
3
2
  -2023
  
 
( )
 :    : 100
:    ,             
          
-
1.         
:          
               ,  
       ,   26 , 1950   
     
  
            ,     
          :
1. 1773   :            
              
    -        
 
2.    1784       ,  
      ,      
    ,          
3.   (1813-1853):         
  1813            
4
2
,           ,  1833  
    -          
    1853         
     
     , 1858
1857           1858     
              
            
   (1861-1909)
19     20             
 :
1861             
   ,     
1892      -        
     ,       
 
1909  -  (  )      
        ,     
 ,           
-     , 1919
1919    ,  -        ,  
        ” (  )  
(    )         
            
  , 1935
1935               
       ,           
     ,        
    ,        (RBI) 
    ,           
      
 
   
             
             
5
2
  1942   ,   ,        
     ,          

     (1947-1950)
  1947            , 
              
           
      1946    ,  . ..  
     -  , 26 , 1949     
  26 , 1950    
              ,  
          ,    

    
               
   :
          ,   
     ,    
           
,              
       
   :      
                 
    
    
          :
  :           
   ,         
   ,      
 
   :    
     
,            
6
2

             
   ,           , 
       ,      
   
         ,     
            ,  ,    
     
2.    -       
:          
               ,  
       ,   26 , 1950   
     
  
            ,     
          :
1. 1773   :            
              
    -        
 
2.    1784       ,  
      ,      
    ,          
3.   (1813-1853)):          
  1813            
,           ,  1833  
    -          
    1853         
     
7
2
     , 1858
1857           1858     
              
            
   (1861-1909)
19     20             
 :
1861             
   ,     
1892      -        
     ,       
 
1909  -  (  )      
        ,     
 ,           
-     , 1919
1919    ,  -        ,  
        ” (  )  
(    )         
            
  , 1935
1935               
       ,           
     ,        
    ,        (RBI) 
    ,           
      
 
   
             
             
  1942   ,   ,        
     ,          

8
2
     (1947-1950)
  1947            , 
              
           
      1946    ,  . ..  
     -  , 26 , 1949     
  26 , 1950    
              ,  
          ,    

    
               
   :
     :      ,   
     ,      
     :        ,
              
       
   :        
                 
    
    
          :
  :           
   ,         
   ,      
 
   :    
     
,            

             
   ,           , 
       ,      
   
         ,     
9
2
            ,  ,    
     
-
3.             
:        (DPSP) -      
                 , 
               ,   
  ,           ,  ,
          
      IV ( 36-51)      
                
   
         :
1.           
2.       ,     
3.        
4.        
5.            
   
             :
1.    
2.  .
3. - .
       :
10
2
1.    
            
         ,       
,          
1.  38 (  ):
o            - ,
   - 
       
o       ,        
              
,            
2.  39 (  ):
o             
 :
       
         
             
 
           
,        ,   
              
  
3.  41 (,      ):
o    ,     , ,    
             
  
4.  42 (        ):
o            
        
11
2
5.  43 (     
, ):
o         ,    
             
    
6.  43 (    ):
o               
   ,         
   
7.  45 (      ):
o  14               
,   21      
8.  46 ( ,        
     ):
o      ,    (), 
 ()     ()      
  
9.  47 (          ):
o               
            
             
2.  
         ,  ,   
              
1.  40 (   ):
o              
           
     
2.  43 (    ):
o              
            
12
2
3.  46 (         ):
o      ,   ,   
              
  
4.  47 (   ):
o              
    
5.  48 (   ):
o              
             
   ,          
  
3. - 
  ,   
         
       
1.  44 (  ):
o  
             
  ()       ,   
              
    
2.  48 (    ):
o               
    
3.  49 (    ):
o  
           ,
 , ,          
4.  50 (    ):
o            
              
     
5.  51 (
      ):
o     :
13
2

      

       
  
      
      
1.  :        ,     
               
2.   :          ,
         ,    
      
3.  :    ,      
            ,
       ,      
                

4.   :         
        ,   
  
  ()  41         ,
          39 ()    
5.      :      
             
         

               
  ,             
         ,       
         ,     - 
  ,       ,       ,

      
14
2
4.             
   
:           (DPSP)  
               
           -   
,      ,           
,  -              
  
 
      III ( 12  35)      
             , 
      ,          
      :
1.    ( 14-18):        ,
, ,             
2.    ( 19-22)):    ,  ,
    
3.     ( 23-24):  ,     
  
4.     ( 25-28):      
,       
5.      ( 29-30)      
           
6.     ( 32):     
        
     ()
     IV ( 36  51)       
      -  - ,       
         ,        
         :
1.     ( 38):  ,   
            
15
2
2. ,       ( 41):  , 
 , ,          
 
3.       ( 39()):     
      
4.       ( 45  47):     
             

5. 
     ( 51)):   
    
    
         
        ,    
               
   ,          
       ,      
 ,  ....         , 
           
:          , 
....    ,        
         
      
      ,         
,               
     ,          
      ,          ( 44
       )
      :
1.   (1951):        
               
      ,         
              
( 14)            
   
16
2
2.   (1967):          
         ,  ....    
    
,    ,           
      ,    24  25    
3.   (1973):         
         ,       
    ,           
            
       ,        
    
4.   (1980):          
 ....            
           
     
    ,          ; 
              
   ,         
        
  :
 21-      2002  86      
 ,   45       (    
    )
 21             ,
 ....      ,       
  
 ,             ....  
     ,             

   
              :
44  (1978):           ,
   300           
17
2
               
  
42  (1976):         
        ,      
       
               
,    (1985) ,          
     ,           
 
 
             
      ,       , -
           ,    
               
:
o    ....        
            
o            
           ,  
....     
:
o  ....   ,       ,
           
   
o  , ....        
 ,         

 ,              
            ,   
        , ,     
               
   ,             
  
18
2
-
5.   
        
:  
         ,  
  ,          
 352  360   ,   ,      
   ,             

  
   

           :
1. 
  ( 352):
  
      
          ,      
         ,     
   "  "      ,   
       : 1962 (- ), 1971 (- ),
 1975-1977 (       )

     19     (   )
    ,             
        42  (1976)    
 ,  
       
    
 
2.   ( 356): 
        ,  
     
 ,        , 
                
          ,   ,   
         ,      
    
   , 
      ,     
      
        ,  -
                
    ,          , 
           
3.   ( 360):       

                
   ,         ,
19
2
         ,      
             

    
   
    
  
             
 ,   ,       ,
  , 
           
  42  44    ,  
     
     

   , 
       ,   
          ,    
  ,  1975-77         
                 
 1978  44  ,        ,
           352   
   
  (
 )   
       
       ,         
  ,             
  
    ,        , 
  
      ,         
  

     
      ,    
     
      ,         
            ,  
                  
1975-77      ,          ,
              
44                
  ,        
    
                  
 ,         
20
2

  
            
 ,        ,      
               
    
        ,  
          ,   
               , 
            
6.           
:1950            
   ,           
       ,     
              
       :
1.   
    "  "        
             
              
    ,        ,    
    
2.  
               
                
        ,       
             
3.  
                
                  
        32       
     ,           
      
21
2
4.  
           
        ,       
     ,         ,
         
5.  
   143     
       
                
      ,          
      
6.   
                
              
              
,               
7.        
      ,       ,  
             
             
       ,       

8.   ()
        ()      
            ,     
     ,           
 ,                
                
9.   
          ,     
      ,     ,     
,     ,       
            ,  
    
22
2
10.  
               
   ,          , 
   
   ,            
11.    
             
          ,    32  
      ,         (
)            :
:       
:           
  :   -      
 (Quo Warranto):         
 
12.   
    ()        
      ,           
              ,
     
13.    
       ,      
              
               

            
          ,     
       ,       ,  
     ,       
           
      ,        
               
   
23
2
-
7.           
:                
     ,            
   (CM)          ,    
 
              ,
             
  
1.    :
        
    ,          

      ,       
,    
   
     , 
       
2.   :
   ,          ( ) 

           
          ,    
        
             
   ,        
3. :
                 
  
      ,     ,   
  
24
2
4.  :
    :
1.    :           
-       
2.   :        
  
                 
:
1.  :
              :
1.   :
         ,  
    
               (,
, , )
              
     
2. -  :
           
           
            
3.   :
             
           
   
2.  :
              
 
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2
1.   :
         , 
         ,   
              
   
2.   :
,         
  
           
          
3.    :
  ,       
            
             
         
4.   :
             
             
     ,      
3.  :
         
1.  :
           
    
2.    :
              ,
          
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3.  :
        ,  , 
          
 
4.      :
            
1.    :
            
     ,      
          
2.   :
       ,  
  ,         
     
3.    :
           
 ,            
-  
5.  :
         ,      
       
1.   :
          
   
2.  :
            
            
6.    :
            
     :
27
2
1. - :
          
 
 
             
          
2.  :
, ,          ,
         
    
      ,         
         :
1.   :
o             
  ,          
      ,    ,  
 (
 )           
2.    :
o              
    ,          
o             ,
     
3.  :
o            
                
   
4.  :
o ,         -  
         ,    
 ,       

                 
      ,         
28
2
               
          ,       
     
,       , ,   
         ,     
 ,           
8.   ,      
:             
         ,      
         ,     
  
  
   155        
   

  ,       ,      
       ,       ,
    
   :
            ,
   
 157  ,        
   35     ,         

            , 

            
           
  
        : , ,    
       ,        
     
29
2
1.  
             :
           
            
 
   :         
          
 ,         
            
2.  
        :
          
                
   :            ,
                
,        
        , 
 
        
          ,   
   ,       ,    
         
3.  
      ,          
  :
   :          
            
         
   :         
    
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2
4.  
       :
  :            
        ,         - 
   
   
  :         
        
 
        :
1.  :          , :
o              

o             
o 
    
2.         
       
  
                 
         ,      
     
 :
    :       ,   
    ,       
 :          
      
    
   :    ,     
     ,   356   
    

  
              -
         ,       
                
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2
      (1988)    (2007)    
 ,                

                
             
  ,           
                
     
:             ( )      
         ,              